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Abstract The E2 gene of human papilloma virus is expressed at the early stage of the viral life cycle, encoding the E2 transcription
factor, and regulates the expression of E6 and E7 oncogenes. Disruption of E2 gene due to viral integration inhibits the transcriptional
suppression of the HPV oncogenes, inducing cell proliferation. In the present study, a total of 22 HPV16-positive cytological
specimens derived from high- and low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions were investigated in order to identify sequence
variations in the HPV16 E2 ORF. The E2 gene was amplified by PCR using external and internal overlapping sets of primers.
Amplicons were cloned and sequenced. Disruption sites were detected in cervical samples diagnosed as high-grade cervical intraepithelial
lesions. Moreover, sequence variations were identified in the E2 ORF and specific variations were associated with non-European
variants such as African type I, African type II and Asian American. A total of three new sequence variations were identified
at positions 2791, 2823 (transactivation domain) and 3361 (hinge region). Distinct phylogenetic branches were formed according
to E2 analysis that characterized the different HPV16 variants. It was ascertained that non-European variants are circulating
in the Greek population.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1236-8
Authors
D. Tsakogiannis, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, GreeceI. G. A. Ruether, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, GreeceZ. Kyriakopoulou, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, GreeceV. Pliaka, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, GreeceA. Theoharopoulou, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, GreeceV. Skordas, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, GreeceE. Panotopoulou, Papanicolaou Research Centre of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Virology Laboratory, Anticancer Oncology Hospital of Athens 'St Savvas', Athens, GreeceC. Nepka, Cytopathology Laboratory, University Hospital of Thessaly, Larissa, GreeceP. Markoulatos, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, Greece
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract RT-PCR to detect Alkhumra virus (ALKV) RNA in plasma or serum has been the standard practice to confirm this infection in
the first seven days of illness. In this study, RT-PCR detection of viral RNA from the plasma, serum, and buffy coat (BC)
was compared to virus isolation. Plasma, serum, and BC were obtained from seven patients with clinically suspected ALKV infection
in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK2) cell culture monolayers were used
for virus isolation. Real-time RT-PCR was used to confirm ALKV infection and to detect viral RNA directly from plasma, serum,
and BC. ALKV was isolated from five of the seven patients. The virus was isolated from all three specimen types (plasma, serum,
and BC) of the five confirmed patients. ALKV RNA was detected directly by RT-PCR in BC in all five (100%) culture-positive
patients and in plasma or serum in only four (80%) of the five patients. Three of the five patients for whom ALKV RNA was
detected in BC also had detectable viral RNA in plasma and serum. In the remaining two patients with detectable ALKV RNA in
the BC, the plasma was positive but the serum was negative in one patient, whereas the serum was positive and the plasma was
negative in the other patient. The use of real-time RT-PCR to detect ALKV RNA in the BC was superior to using plasma and serum
and equivalent to virus isolation.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1237-7
Authors
Tariq A. Madani, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi ArabiaEl-Tayeb M. E. Abuelzein, Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaEsam I. Azhar, Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaMoujahed Kao, Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHussein M. S. Al-Bar, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHuda Abu-Araki, Laboratory Animals Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaThomas G. Ksiazek, Galveston National Laboratory, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Although influenza DNA vaccine research has focused mainly on viral hemagglutinin and has led to promising results, other
virion proteins have also shown some protective potential. In this work, we explored the potential of a DNA vaccine based
on the PB1 protein to protect BALB/c mice against lethal influenza A virus infection. The DNA vaccine consisted of pTriEx4
plasmid expressing PB1. As a positive control, a pTriEx4 plasmid expressing influenza A virus HA was used. Two weeks after
three subcutaneous doses of DNA vaccine, the mice were challenged intranasally with 1 LD50 of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virus, and PB1- and HA-specific antibodies, survival rate, body weight change, viral mRNA load,
infectious virus titer in the lungs, cytokines IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10, and granzyme-B were measured. The results showed that
(i) the PB1-expressing DNA vaccine provided a fair protective immunity in the mouse model and (ii) viral structural proteins
such as PB1 represent promising antigens for DNA vaccination against influenza A.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1238-6
Authors
Ivan Košík, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak RepublicIngrid Krejnusová, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak RepublicMargaréta Práznovská, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak RepublicKatarína Poláková, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovak RepublicGustáv Russ, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the status and population dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Korea and
to assess the molecular evolutionary pattern of the two biologically important, overlapping open reading frames, the ORF1
and ORF3 genes. A wide range of PCV2 genomic sequences (entire genome, ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3) collected between 2001 and 2010
were analyzed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo and maximum-likelihood approaches. These techniques identified the
PCV2d genotype and the 2Ek cluster of PCV2a in Korea for the first time. Second, the genotypic shift of PCV2b dominating over
PCV2a likely occurred between 2002 and 2004 due to a population expansion of PCV2b. In the context of positive Darwinian selection,
the results uncovered independent evolutionary patterns in the ORF3 gene compared to the overlapping ORF1 gene and new sites
in the viral ORFs/proteins that might relate to differences in the biological properties of the PCV2 groups.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-12DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1234-x
Authors
Van Giap Nguyen, Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 KoreaHye Kwon Kim, Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 KoreaHyoung Joon Moon, Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, KoreaSeong Jun Park, Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 KoreaHyun Ok Keum, Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 KoreaSemi Rho, Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 KoreaJae Yeon Han, Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 KoreaBong Kyun Park, Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Measles surveillance and epidemiological investigation are beneficial tools for genetic analysis and documentation of the
interruption of transmission of endemic measles. In this study, areas of Uttar Pradesh, India, associated with measles outbreaks
were investigated. Random blood and urine samples were collected from clinically defined cases. The cases were investigated
through extensive house-to house surveys. The cases were diagnosed clinically and serologically, and through genotyping of
the virus. All of the cases were found to be serologically positive for measles. In the studied population, a 1.9% case fatality
rate and an overall 16% attack rate of measles virus were found. Out of 10 outbreak areas, the measles virus D8 genotype was
found in nine, and the D8 and A genotypes were found in the remaining area. This study calls for an improved surveillance
system and intensive characterization of genotypes in circulation for the measles elimination program in India.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1227-9
Authors
Akhalesh Kumar Shakya, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaVibha Shukla, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaHarjeet Singh Maan, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaT. N. Dhole, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 India
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
A novel mitovirus from the hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungus
Tuber excavatum
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1228-8
Authors
J. Benjamin Stielow, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The NetherlandsZoltan Bratek, Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, ELTE University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1518 HungaryHans-Peter Klenk, DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7 B, 38124 Braunschweig, GermanyStephan Winter, DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7 B, 38124 Braunschweig, GermanyWulf Menzel, DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7 B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The complete nucleotide sequences of two isolates of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (Z1 and Z3) collected from peach in Henan
Province, China, were determined. The genomes of both Z1 and Z3 were found to contain three open reading frames (ORFs). Sequence
analysis showed that genomic sequences of Z1 and Z3 isolates shared 67.4%-82.9% and 67.2%-82.6% identity, respectively, with
the other eight isolates of ACLSV that have been reported previously. Based on the putative amino acid sequences of the products
of the three ORFs, Z1 and Z3 isolates showed the greatest identity to isolate PBM1 (GenBank accession number AJ243438) from
plum and the least identity with isolate Ta Tao5 (GenBank Accession Number: EU223295) from peach. Considering the low level
of sequence identity between Z1/Z3 isolate and Ta Tao5 isolate, two types of ACLSV may exist in peach.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1195-5
Authors
Feiqing Niu, State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of ChinaSong Pan, State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of ChinaZujian Wu, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, People's Republic of ChinaDongmei Jiang, State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of ChinaShifang Li, State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The human rotavirus G9 strain is the fifth most common rotavirus worldwide. A human rotavirus G9P[8] strain CAU05-202 was
isolated from a young child with diarrhea using a cell culture system, and its major gene sequences were determined. Phylogenetic
analysis of the VP7 gene revealed that CAU05-202 clustered into genetic lineage III-d and was most closely related to G9 rotaviruses from Turkey
(strain GUH13) and Sri Lanka (strain 05SLC056 and 05SLC057). VP4 and NSP4 gene analysis showed that CAU05-202 belongs to the P[8]-3 lineage and genotype B, respectively. In addition, CAU05-202 has
a long RNA electropherotype, supported by VP6 gene analysis, which is clearly associated with subgroup II specificity. Analysis of the G9 rotavirus strain CAU05-202 provides
information concerning the genetic relationships among global rotavirus G9 strains, suggesting that closely related G9 strains
are persistent and widespread in Asian countries.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1232-z
Authors
Jong Wook Shin, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaVan Phan Le, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaVan Thai Than, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaInseok Lim, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaYoosik Yoon, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaKijeong Kim, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaSang-In Chung, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaSoon Chul Myung, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South KoreaWonyong Kim, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Two co-infecting novel vitiviruses from Actinidia chinensis were identified from mechanically inoculated Nicotiana occidentalis. Both virus genomes were sequenced and share 64% nucleotide identity. Their overall structure is typical of vitiviruses,
with five open reading frames (ORFs) and a polyadenylated 3' end. Open reading frame 4 (ORF4) encodes the coat protein, the
most conserved gene of the vitiviruses, in which they share 75% amino acid identity, 61-68% with grapevine virus B, 55-59%
with grapevine virus A, and 37-42% with grapevine virus E. Based on the molecular criteria for species demarcation in the
family Betaflexiviridae, these are two novel viruses, tentatively named Actinidia virus A and Actinidia virus B.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-10DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1219-1
Authors
Arnaud G. Blouin, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New ZealandRamesh R. Chavan, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandMichael N. Pearson, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandRobin M. MacDiarmid, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New ZealandDaniel Cohen, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract A nodavirus isolated from red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) larvae in China has been subjected to genome analysis. The full-length genome sequences of RNA1 and RNA2 were determined,
and the 5'-non-coding region (NCR) and 3'NCR sequences were determined by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and 3'RACE.
RNA1 is 3,103 nt in length and contains a 982-amino-acid open reading frame (ORF) encoding protein A with a calculated molecular
mass of 110.74 kDa. RNA2 is 1,433 nt long and contains a 338-amino-acid major ORF encoding coat protein with a calculated
molecular mass of 37.059 kDa. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis clearly supported including this virus in the species
Redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus, genus Betanodavirus, family Nodaviridae.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1187-5
Authors
Hong Liu, Shenzhen Exit & Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1011 Fuqiang Road, Futian, Shenzhen, 518045 People's Republic of ChinaYong Teng, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USAXiaocong Zheng, Shenzhen Exit & Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1011 Fuqiang Road, Futian, Shenzhen, 518045 People's Republic of ChinaYurong Wu, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People's Republic of ChinaXiayang Xie, Shenzhen Exit & Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1011 Fuqiang Road, Futian, Shenzhen, 518045 People's Republic of ChinaJunqiang He, Shenzhen Exit & Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1011 Fuqiang Road, Futian, Shenzhen, 518045 People's Republic of ChinaYiyou Ye, Shenzhen Exit & Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1011 Fuqiang Road, Futian, Shenzhen, 518045 People's Republic of ChinaZhixin Wu, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People's Republic of China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Chronic coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is among the greatest challenges facing
public health worldwide. In this population, the response to hepatitis C therapy by treatment with pegylated interferon plus
ribavirin (PEG-IFN+RBV) is lower than in HCV-monoinfected patients, particularly in those infected by HCV genotype 1. A PKR/eIF-2a
phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD) within the E2 protein has been found to interact with PKR and inhibit PKR in vitro, suggesting a possible mechanism for HCV to evade the antiviral effects of IFN. The aim of this work was to analyze the amino
acid conservation in the HCV-E2-PePHD and quasispecies diversity among HCV-HIV-coinfected patients exhibiting sustained virological
response, non-response, or partial response with viral relapse to PEG-IFN+RBV by ultra-deep pyrosequencing. For this purpose,
HCV-E2-PePHD PCR products were generated and sequenced directly for four patients with a sustained response, seven patients
with no virological response, and four patients with viral relapse before and after treatment with PEG-IFN+RBV. HCV-E2-PePHD
amino acid sequences were obtained for isolates from serum collected before and during treatment (24 h, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks).
Quasispecies analysis of the HCV-E2-PePHD and flanking genomic regions was performed using 454/Roche pyrosequencing, analyzing
39,364 sequence reads in total. The HCV-E2-PePHD sequence at the amino acid and nucleotide level was highly conserved among
HCV genotype 1 strains, irrespective of the PEG-IFN+RBV response. This high degree of amino acid conservation and sporadic
mutations in the HCV-E2-PePHD domain do not appear to be associated with treatment outcome. The HCV-E2-PePHD sequence before
or during treatment cannot be used to predict reliably the outcome of treatment in patients coinfected with HCV genotype 1
and HIV.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1230-1
Authors
F. Bolcic, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina (UBA), Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, ArgentinaM. Sede, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina (UBA), Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, ArgentinaF. Moretti, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaG. Westergaard, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología Rosario (INDEAR), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaM. Vazquez, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaN. Laufer, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina (UBA), Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Quarleri, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina (UBA), Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Linear viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes are classified into two families, Lipothrixviridae and Rudiviridae. The members of these two families, all of which infect hyperhermophilic members of the domain Archaea, differ significantly
in the complexity of their virions as well as in their mechanisms of genome replication. However, recent structural and genomic
studies have revealed a robust evolutionary link between members of the two families. To acknowledge this relationship we
propose to unify the two families into the new taxonomic order 'Ligamenvirales'.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Virology Division NewsPages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1229-7
Authors
David Prangishvili, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, FranceMart Krupovic, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract We have studied the responses of honey bees at different life stages (Apis mellifera) to controlled infection with acute bee paralysis virus and have identified the haemolymph of infected larvae and adult worker
bees as the compartment where massive propagation of ABPV occurs. Insects respond with a broad spectrum of induced innate
immune reactions to bacterial infections, whereas defence mechanisms based on RNA interference play a major role in antiviral
immunity. In this study, we have determined that honey bee larvae and adult workers do not produce a humoral immune reaction
upon artificial infection with ABPV, in contrast to control individuals challenged with Escherichia coli. ABPV-infected bees produced neither elevated levels of specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as hymenoptaecin and
defensin, nor any general antimicrobial activity, as revealed by inhibition-zone assays. Additionally, adult bees did not
generate melanised nodules upon ABPV infection, an important cellular immune function activated by bacteria and viruses in
some insects. Challenge of bees with both ABPV and E. coli showed that innate humoral and cellular immune reactions are induced in mixed infections, albeit at a reduced level.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-14DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1223-0
Authors
Klara Azzami, BEEgroup, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, GermanyWolfgang Ritter, Department of Bee Pathology, CVUA-Animal Health, 79108, Freiburg, GermanyJürgen Tautz, BEEgroup, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, GermanyHildburg Beier, BEEgroup, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne human pathogen that causes a serious public-health threat in tropical and subtropical
regions of the world. Neither a vaccine to prevent nor an effective therapeutic agent to treat DENV infection is currently
available. We established a stable cell line harboring a luciferase-reporting DENV subgenomic replicon to screen for inhibitors
of DENV. A total of 14,400 small-molecule (MW < 500 Da) chemicals were evaluated for their ability to reduce luciferase reporter
activity in cell lysates. One effective compound was identified from the screening. This compound was found to reduce virus
production but did not block virus entry in virus-based assay. Mode-of-action analysis revealed that this inhibitor suppressed
viral RNA replication but did not affect replicon translation. This compound potentially could be developed as an anti-DENV
agent and might be useful for dissecting the molecular mechanism of DENV replication.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1224-z
Authors
Yu-Chen Hsu, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 TaiwanNai-Chi Chen, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 TaiwanPo-Chiang Chen, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 TaiwanChun-Chung Wang, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 TaiwanWei-Chieh Cheng, Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, TaiwanHuey-Nan Wu, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Enterovirus 71(EV71) causes recurring outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease and encephalitis leading to complications
or death in young children. More effective antiviral drugs are needed to prevent or reduce EV71-related disease and complications.
However, there are no standard models currently in use to evaluate activity against EV71 infection both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the activity of ribavirin and pleconaril against EV71 infection was evaluated in two models. An in vitro EV71 infection model was developed in RD cells, and an in vivo EV71 infection model was applied. Ribavirin and pleconaril effectively increased the viability of infected cells. Pleconaril
reduced the morbidity and mortality of one-day-old infected mice, but ribavirin did not protect the infected mice. In all,
the results demonstrated that infected cells and infected mice can be used to evaluate antiviral activity of ribavirin and
pleconaril against EV71 infection in vitro and in vivo.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-11DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1222-6
Authors
Guofeng Zhang, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaFeng Zhou, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaBin Gu, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaChuanling Ding, Tumor Immunolobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USADongju Feng, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaFangyi Xie, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaJinfeng Wang, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaChun Zhang, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaQingxian Cao, Jiangsu Wuzhong Group, 110# Dongwubeilu, Suzhou, 215128 ChinaYinlai Deng, Jiangsu Wuzhong Group, 110# Dongwubeilu, Suzhou, 215128 ChinaWeixing Hu, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, ChinaKun Yao, Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Nanjing Medical University, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu, China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a subviral pathogen of humans, a satellite of hepatitis B virus (HBV) that induces severe acute
and chronic liver diseases. The genus Deltavirus consists of eight clades or genotypes, with HDV1 being ubiquitous and frequently characterized. In Turkey, HDV1 infection
is highly endemic among HBsAg carriers, especially in the southeastern region. In this study, we analyzed 34 samples from
patients who were chronically infected with HBV/HDV, originating from 22 cities of rural regions in the central and eastern
parts of Turkey, in order to determine the levels of viral replication and genetic diversity. HDV RNA levels ranged between
3.02 and 8.75 Log copies/mL, and HBV DNA was detected in 25 samples (73.5%), with values ranging from 2.53 to 5.30 Log copies/mL.
Analysis of nucleotides 900-1280 of HDV genomes (n = 34) and full-length (n = 17) sequences indicated that all of the strains
belonged to genotype HDV1. However, a high genetic diversity was observed among the isolates, with a mean full-length dissimilarity
score of 13.05%. HDV sequences clustered with sequences from Western Europe (n = 11), Eastern Europe and Asia (n = 19) or
Africa (n = 4). HDV1 isolates related to strains of African origin had a serine residue instead of an alanine at position
202 of the large delta protein. HBV preS1 sequences obtained for 34 isolates indicated an HBV/D genotype in all cases. Taken together, our results indicate that in
Turkey, where HBV-HDV dual infection is highly endemic, both viruses have high levels of replication, and HDV strains exhibit
wide genetic diversity, which might reflect ancient evolution and/or successive outbreaks.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-13DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1212-8
Authors
Frédéric Le Gal, Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et delta, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, FranceSelim Badur, Division of Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Capa, Istanbul, TurkeyNasser Al Hawajri, Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et delta, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, FranceFiliz Akyüz, Department of Gastroenterohepatology, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Capa, Istanbul, TurkeySabahattin Kaymakoglu, Department of Gastroenterohepatology, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Capa, Istanbul, TurkeySégolène Brichler, Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et delta, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, FranceFabien Zoulim, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM, U1052, UMR CNRS 5286, Site Cours Albert Thomas, 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon cedex 03, FranceEmmanuel Gordien, Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et delta, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, FranceElyanne Gault, Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et delta, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, FrancePaul Dény, Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et delta, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Avian reovirus (ARV) is an important cause of disease in poultry. Although ARV is known to induce apoptosis in infected cells,
the interaction between ARV and its target cells requires further elucidation. In this report, we show that the ARV isolate
strain GX/2010/1 induces autophagy in both Vero and primary chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells based on the appearance
of an increased number of double-membrane vesicles, the presence of GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3)
dot formation, and the elevated production of LC3II. We further demonstrate that the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR
pathway contributes to autophagic induction by ARV infection. Moreover, treatment of ARV-infected cells with the autophagy
inducer rapamycin increased viral yields, while inhibition of the autophagosomal pathway using chloroquine led to a decrease
in virus production. Altogether, our studies strongly suggest that autophagy may play a critical role in determining viral
yield during ARV infection.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1226-x
Authors
Songshu Meng, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaKe Jiang, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaXiaorong Zhang, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaMiao Zhang, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaZhizhi Zhou, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaMaozhi Hu, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaRui Yang, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaChenli Sun, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 ChinaYantao Wu, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Wenhuidong Road No. 48, Yangzhou, 225009 China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract In 2010, yam beans in a field trial in Peru showed viral disease symptoms. Graft-transmission and positive ELISA results using
potyvirus-specific antibodies suggested that the symptoms could be the result of a potyviral infection. Small interfering
RNA (siRNA) were extracted from one of the samples and sent for high-throughput sequencing. The full genome of a new potyvirus
could be assembled from the resulting siRNA sequences, and it was sufficiently different from other sequences to be considered
a member of a new species, which we have designated Yam bean mosaic virus (YBMV). Sequence similarity suggests that YBMV has
also been detected in yam beans in Indonesia.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1214-6
Authors
Segundo Fuentes, International Potato Center, Apartado, 1558 Lima 12, PeruBettina Heider, International Potato Center, Apartado, 1558 Lima 12, PeruRuby Carolina Tasso, International Potato Center, Apartado, 1558 Lima 12, PeruElisa Romero, International Potato Center, Apartado, 1558 Lima 12, PeruThomas zum Felde, International Potato Center, Apartado, 1558 Lima 12, PeruJan Frederik Kreuze, International Potato Center, Apartado, 1558 Lima 12, Peru
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract We aimed to determine the prevalence of the coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs and to analyze the clinical and virological
features of infection, including amino acid (aa) patterns of the S gene and reverse transcriptase (RT) region in Chinese chronic
hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Fifty-four (2.90%) CHB patients who were positive for both HBsAg and anti-HBs were tested, and
sequences were obtained from 52 of them as well as 48 patients from a control group. S gene and RT region sequences were amplified
and sequenced using in-house protocols. There was no significant difference between patients with and without anti-HBs with
regard to age, gender, alanine aminotransferase level, and the proportion positive for HBeAg and HBcAb. The occurrence of
genotype C (P = 0.001) and anti-HBeAb positivity (P = 0.027) was significantly higher in HBsAg+/anti-HBs+ individuals. In
the S gene, the number of mutated residues in the HBsAg+/anti-HBs+ group was markedly higher than in control patients (1.88
versus 1.02 substitutions per 100 amino acids, P = 0.022). The amino acid exchange occurred mostly within the N-terminal region
(2.15 versus 0.87 substitutions per 100 amino acids, P = 0.023) and the 'a' determinant (3.61 versus 1.56 substitutions per
100 amino acids, P = 0.049) in the two groups. In the RT region, the mean number of substitution per 100 aa showed a tendency
to be significantly higher in HBsAg+/anti-HBs+ patients than in controls (2.34 versus 1.46, P = 0.040). This study showed
a prevalence of coexistence of anti-HBs in HBsAg-positive patients and an increased frequency of genotype C and aa variability
within both HBsAg and RT involving functionally important regions of those proteins.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1215-5
Authors
Weiwei Liu, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 ChinaTingting Hu, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 ChinaXinyu Wang, Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 ChinaYuming Chen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 ChinaMinying Huang, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 ChinaChao Yuan, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 ChinaMing Guan, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV remains largely unknown. To study the function of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein, we have
conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening experiment to identify cellular proteins that may interact with the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid
protein. Pyruvate kinase (liver) was found to interact with SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in this experiment. The binding
domains of these two proteins were also determined using the yeast two-hybrid system. The physical interaction between the
SARS-CoV nucleocapsid and cellular pyruvate kinase (liver) proteins was further confirmed by GST pull-down assay, co-immunoprecipitation
assay and confocal microscopy. Cellular pyruvate kinase activity in hepatoma cells was repressed by SARS-CoV nucleocapsid
protein in either transiently transfected or stably transfected cells. PK deficiency in red blood cells is known to result
in human hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. It is reasonable to assume that an inhibition of PKL activity due to
interaction with SARS-CoV N protein is likely to cause the death of the hepatocytes, which results in the elevation of serum
alanine aminotransferase and liver dysfunction noted in most SARS patients. Thus, our results suggest that SARS-CoV could
reduce pyruvate kinase activity via its nucleocapsid protein, and this may in turn cause disease.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-11DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1221-7
Authors
Wei-Yen Wei, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanHui-Chun Li, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanChiung-Yao Chen, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanChee-Hing Yang, Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanShen-Kao Lee, Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanChia-Wen Wang, Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanHsin-Chieh Ma, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanYue-Li Juang, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanShih-Yen Lo, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects wild and domestic birds but causes contagious and lethal disease in domestic poultry.
ND is currently endemic in Pakistan, but no complete genome sequence of a Pakistani NDV isolate has been reported. An NDV
strain isolated from a commercial poultry farm was completely sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate is
closely related to genotype VII and, more specifically, to subgenotype VIIb, yet with substantial enough differences to be
regarded as new subgenotype (VIIf). These findings provide insight into the genetic nature of NDV circulating in Pakistan
and are useful for both laboratory diagnosis and vaccine development for NDV.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1220-8
Authors
Muhammad Munir, The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, 751 89 Uppsala, SwedenSiamak Zohari, The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, 751 89 Uppsala, SwedenMuhammad Abbas, Quality Control Section Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, PakistanMikael Berg, The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Bacteriophage FCP24R was isolated from raw sewage from a waste treatment plant, and lytic activity was observed against a
type A Clostridium perfringens isolate. Electron microscopy revealed a small virion (44-nm-diameter icosahedral capsid) with a short, non-contractile tail,
indicative of a member of the family Podoviridae. The phage had a linear, double-stranded DNA genome of 18,919 base pairs (bp) with 41 bp inverted terminal repeats and a
type B DNA polymerase, which are characteristics of members of the subfamily Picovirinae. Out of 22 predicted genes in the genome, ten had significant sequence similarity to proteins of known function. Three distinct
genes with lytic domains were identified, including a zinc carboxypeptidase domain that has not been previously reported in
viruses. The FCP24R genome described herein is only the second Clostridium perfringens podovirus genome reported to date.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1218-2
Authors
Cesar A. Morales, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USABrian B. Oakley, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USAJohnna K. Garrish, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USAGregory R. Siragusa, Danisco USA, W227 N752 Westmound Dr., Waukesha, WI 53186, USAMary B. Ard, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USABruce S. Seal, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) odv-e25 is a core gene found in all lepidopteran baculoviruses, but its function is unknown. In this study, we generated an odv-e25-knockout AcMNPV and investigated the roles of ODV-E25 in the baculovirus life cycle. The odv-e25 knockout was subsequently rescued by reinserting the odv-e25 gene into the same virus genome. Fluorescence microscopy showed that transfection with the odv-e25-null bacmid vAcBacKO was insufficient for propagation in cell culture, whereas the 'repair' virus vAcBacRE was able to function in a manner similar to that of the control vAcBac. We found that odv-e25 was not essential for the release of budded viruses (BVs) into culture medium, although the absence of odv-e25 resulted in a 100-fold lower viral titer at 24 h post-transfection (p.t.). Analysis of viral DNA replication in the absence
of odv-e25 showed that viral DNA replication was unaffected in the first 24 h p.t. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed that polyhedra
were found in the nucleus, while mature occlusion-derived viruses (ODVs) were not found in the nucleus or polyhedra in odv-e25 null transfected cells, which indicated that ODV-E25 was required for the formation of ODV.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1211-9
Authors
Lin Chen, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 ChinaXiaolong Hu, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 ChinaXingwei Xiang, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 ChinaShaofang Yu, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 ChinaRui Yang, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 ChinaXiaofeng Wu, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Tomato cultivation in Brazil is threatened by a number of tomato-infecting viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. Here, we report the full DNA-A sequences of three Brazilian begomoviruses: a potentially new tomato-infecting viruses, tomato
interveinal chlorosis virus (ToICV), and two previously proposed begomoviruses for which only partial DNA-A sequences are
available in the databases: tomato mottle leaf curl virus (TMoLCV) and tomato golden vein virus (TGVV). The complete sequences
of the DNA-B components of TMoLCV and TGVV and the DNA-A components of a number of tomato severe rugose virus variants are
also presented. Collectively, all of the analyzed sequences were phylogenetically clustered within the two major groups of
Brazilian tomato-infecting begomoviruses.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1213-7
Authors
Leonardo C. Albuquerque, Department Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, BrazilArvind Varsani, School of Biological Science, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140 New ZealandFernanda R. Fernandes, Embrapa Vegetables, Km 09, BR060, Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF 70359-970, BrazilBruna Pinheiro, Embrapa Vegetables, Km 09, BR060, Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF 70359-970, BrazilDarren P. Martin, Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Anzio Rd, Cape Town, 7925 South AfricaPaulo de Tarso Oliveira Ferreira, Embrapa Vegetables, Km 09, BR060, Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF 70359-970, BrazilThaís Oliveira Lemos, Embrapa Vegetables, Km 09, BR060, Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF 70359-970, BrazilAlice K. Inoue-Nagata, Embrapa Vegetables, Km 09, BR060, Cx. Postal 218, Brasília, DF 70359-970, Brazil
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The genetic variation and evolution of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) from aromatic, medicinal and ornamental plants in northern
Italy was studied by sequence analysis of the movement protein gene and comparison with equivalent sequences of isolates from
other countries. Comparison of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions suggested that 30% of amino acid sites were under
negative selection and only one was under positive selection. Phylogenetic, nucleotide diversity and genetic differentiation
analyses suggested that long-distance migration plays a role in the evolution and determination of the genetic structure and
diversity of CMV in northern Italy and other areas.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1216-4
Authors
Salvatore Davino, Dipartimento DEMETRA, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, 90128 Palermo, ItalyStefano Panno, Dipartimento DEMETRA, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, 90128 Palermo, ItalyEzequiel A. Rangel, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, CENIAP, Unidad de Protección Vegetal, Maracay, 2101 Aragua, VenezuelaMario Davino, Dipartimento DISPA, sez. di Patologia vegetale e genetica agraria, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, ItalyMaria Grazia Bellardi, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali (DiSTA), Patologia vegetale, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, ItalyLuis Rubio, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Two virus isolates, T1 and T2, causing necrotic spots on leaves and stems of pepper and tomato, respectively, were isolated
in the La Joya valley, Arequipa, Peru, in 2010. These two isolates were inoculated to differential hosts for tospoviruses
and showed differential fitness: T1 induced necrotic local lesions in Vigna unguiculata, whereas T2 produced only chlorotic spots. The complete nucleotide sequence of the small (S) RNA from T2 and 1863 bp of the
S RNA from T1 were determined. The deduced N protein sequence showed high amino acid identity (97%) between the isolates,
indicating that the T1 and T2 are isolates of the same virus. Sequence comparisons indicated that the amino acid sequence
of the N protein shared 53.49-87.98% identity with known American tospoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of both the NSs and
N proteins revealed that this new tospovirus belongs to the American group. We conclude that this tospovirus should be considered
a member of a new species. The name Pepper necrotic spot virus (PNSV) is proposed.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1217-3
Authors
Roger Torres, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña km. 7.0, 28040 Madrid, SpainJaviera Larenas, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña km. 7.0, 28040 Madrid, SpainCesar Fribourg, Departamento de Fitopatología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Lima, PerúJavier Romero, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña km. 7.0, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence of cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV, genus Nepovirus) from a naturally infected cherry tree (Prunus avium cv. Bing) in North America was determined. RNA1 and RNA2 consist of 7,893 and 6,492 nucleotides, respectively, plus a poly-(A)
tail. Each RNA encodes a single potential open reading frame. The first 657 nucleotides of RNA1 and RNA2 are 99% identical
and include the 5'-UTR and the first 214 deduced amino acids of the polyproteins following the first of two in-frame start
codons. Phylogenetic analysis reveals close relationships between CLRV and members of subgroup C of the genus Nepovirus.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1208-4
Authors
Kenneth C. Eastwell, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University-I.A.R.E.C., 24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350, USATefera A. Mekuria, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University-I.A.R.E.C., 24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350, USAKeri L. Druffel, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Bacteriophage (phage) KPP10 has been used in experimental phage therapies directed against P. aeruginosa infections. To examine the eligibility of phage KPP10 as a therapeutic phage, its genome was analyzed. The genomic DNA was
shown to be 88,322 bp long, with 158 open reading frames (ORFs), and three tRNA genes were predicted. No ORF-encoded pathogenicity
or lysogenization factor was predicted. A comparative genomic analysis revealed that phage KPP10, together with phage PAK_P3,
can be grouped as a new type of lytic phage infecting P. aeruginosa. Phage KPP10 is considered to be suitable for therapeutic purposes because it is a lytic phage without ORF-encoded pathogenicity
or a lysogenization factors.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1210-x
Authors
Jumpei Uchiyama, Department of Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, JapanMohammad Rashel, Department of Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, JapanIyo Takemura, Department of Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, JapanShin-ichiro Kato, Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, JapanTakako Ujihara, Science Research Center, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, JapanAsako Muraoka, Kochi Gakuen College, Kochi, Kochi 780-0955, JapanShigenobu Matsuzaki, Department of Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, JapanMasanori Daibata, Department of Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Severe symptoms of cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) are caused by the association of a single-stranded circular DNA satellite
(betasatellite) with a helper begomovirus. In this study, we analyzed 40 leaf samples (primarily cotton with CLCuD symptoms
and other plants growing close by) from four sites between New Delhi and the Pakistan/India border, using rolling-circle amplification
(RCA) and PCR. In total, the complete sequences of 12 different helper viruses, eight alphasatellites, and one betasatellite
from five different plant species were obtained. A recombinant helper virus molecule found in okra and a novel alphasatellite-related
DNA from croton are also described. This is the first report of the presence of both DNA components (helper virus and betasatellite)
associated with resistance-breaking CLCuD in India, and it highlights the need for further work to combat its damage and spread.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-13DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1201-y
Authors
Valerio Zaffalon, Plant Virology Group, ICGEB Biosafety Outstation, Via Piovega 23, 31056 Ca' Tron di Roncade, ItalySunil Kumar Mukherjee, Plant Biology Group, ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, IndiaVanga Siva Reddy, Plant Biology Group, ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, IndiaJeremy R. Thompson, Plant Virology Group, ICGEB Biosafety Outstation, Via Piovega 23, 31056 Ca' Tron di Roncade, ItalyMark Tepfer, Plant Virology Group, ICGEB Biosafety Outstation, Via Piovega 23, 31056 Ca' Tron di Roncade, Italy
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Porcine kobuvirus was first identified in 2007 in Hungary. The virus has been detected in several Asian countries. In our
study, the complete genome of the recently identified porcine kobuvirus strain SH-W-CHN was amplified by RT-PCR and was sequenced.
Dendrograms indicated that SH-W-CHN is closely related to other porcine kobuviruses. To identify sites of possible recombination
within the genome of the SH-W-CHN strain, the SimPlot program was used to perform recombination analysis. The results showed
that no significant recombination event between strain S-1-HUN and Y-1-CHI had occurred. However, certain possible recombination
signals were identified, indicating that some early recombination events may have contributed to the genome of SH-W-CHN. This
study further confirmed the existence of multiple lineages of porcine kobuvirus and indicated that homologous recombination
may be a driving force in its evolution.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1205-7
Authors
Changsong Wang, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 ChinaDaoliang Lan, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 ChinaLi Cui, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 ChinaZhibiao Yang, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 ChinaCongli Yuan, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 ChinaXiuguo Hua, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the major causes of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. In order to
study the molecular epidemiology of the virus, samples from 30 BRSV outbreaks in cattle herds located in different parts of
Sweden were collected from 2007 to 2011. The samples were analyzed by PCR, and the glycoprotein (G) gene was sequenced. BRSV
was detected in outbreaks of respiratory disease in both dairy and feedlot herds most often during the winter period but also
during the summer months (May to August). This indicates that circulation of the virus between herds occurs throughout the
year. Comparative sequence analysis revealed a high degree (more than 94.5%) of sequence identity among the collected strains.
Phylogenetic analysis showed that 29 out of the 30 strains formed a unique clade. Identical sequences found in herds sampled
within a few months' time suggested that these herds were part of a common transmission chain. One strain from a single outbreak
in a herd in southern Sweden clustered with Danish strains and showed a distant relationship to the rest of the Swedish strains.
Further studies are highly warranted to clarify the inter-herd transmission routes of BRSV. Such knowledge is essential for
the control of the spread of this virus between herds, regions and even countries.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1209-3
Authors
Mehdi R. M. Bidokhti, Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7019, 750 07 Uppsala, SwedenMadeleine Tråvén, Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7019, 750 07 Uppsala, SwedenAnna Ohlson, Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7019, 750 07 Uppsala, SwedenBehdad Zarnegar, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, SwedenClaudia Baule, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, SwedenSándor Belák, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, SwedenStefan Alenius, Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7019, 750 07 Uppsala, SwedenLihong Liu, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic pathogen, and infections with this virus can be treated with ganciclovir (GCV).
Most GCV-resistant clinical CMV isolates contain a mutation in the UL97 gene. Genotypic assays for diagnostic screening of
GCV-resistant CMV have been developed. High-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) with unlabeled probe is considered a perfect
tool for this purpose. In this study, we have developed an HRMA-based genotypic test for the detection of UL97 mutations.
Wild type and M460V/I mutants of UL97 were constructed. HRMA with unlabeled probe was used as a genotyping method for the
detection of M460V/I mutations. The melting peaks obtained directly from PCR products did not enable us to distinguish the
wild type from M460 mutants. The sensitivity and accuracy of HRMA were dramatically improved by using unlabeled probe. HRMA
with unlabeled probe successfully distinguished M460V from M460I and served well for the detection of M460V/I mutations in
clinical samples. HRMA with unlabeled probe proves to be a sensitive and cost-effective genotyping method for the detection
of M460 mutations.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1173-y
Authors
Xiao-Tao Zhao, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Peking, ChinaDan-Qiu Zhou, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaShuai Wu, College of Pharmacy, Ji-Nan University, Guangdong, ChinaYue-Wen Chen, College of Pharmacy, Ji-Nan University, Guangdong, ChinaYong Shao, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaJie Zhang, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaChang-Sheng Xia, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Peking, ChinaKe-Peng Wang, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036 Guangdong, ChinaHong Yang, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaJun Wan, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaBo Yu, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaZheng Zhang, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Peking, ChinaWei Zhang, College of Pharmacy, Ji-Nan University, Guangdong, China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Short defective RNAs (D-RNAs) associated with tomato black ring virus (TBRV) were isolated, cloned and sequenced. As a result,
two types of D-RNAs associated with different TBRV isolates were identified. Both types were derived from RNA1. The first
one contained sequences from the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) and from the 5' region of a single large open reading
frame. The second one included a portion of the coding region for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase flanked by a short fragment
of the 5' UTR and the entire 3' UTR. The possible nature and origin of these RNA species is discussed.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1200-z
Authors
Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, ul. Wl. Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, PolandNatasza Borodynko, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, ul. Wl. Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, PolandMarek Figlerowicz, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, PolandHenryk Pospieszny, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, ul. Wl. Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is responsible for acute respiratory tract infections in young children, elderly patients, and immunocompromised
hosts. In this study, we genetically analyzed the circulating HMPV in Central and South America from July 2008 to June 2009
and characterized the strains present in this region. Samples were collected during an international collaborative influenza
like illness surveillance study and then sequenced with specific primers for the HMPV G gene. Our results show that two distinct
clusters of HMPV circulated in Central and South America, subtypes A2 and B2 being the predominant strains.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1204-8
Authors
Josefina Garcia, United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, PeruMerly Sovero, United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, PeruTadeusz Kochel, United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, PeruV. Alberto Laguna-Torres, United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, PeruMaria Ester Gamero, United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, PeruJorge Gomez, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, PerúFelix Sanchez, Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, NicaraguaAna E. Arango, Grupo Inmunovirología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, ColombiaSergio Jaramillo, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, ColombiaEric S. Halsey, United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The genetic diversity of the hypervariable region I of S1 gene (HVR I) of infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains H120,
Ma5 and 4/91 was compared to that of 26 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated from the field in Guangxi province
of China during the years 1985-2008, and the field isolates were classified into five major genotypes. Monovalent antisera
against three vaccine strains and seven field isolates of different genotypes were prepared by immunizing rabbits with mineral
oil adjuvant preparations containing viruses propagated in chicken embryos. Virus neutralization (VN) tests were performed
in tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) using these 10 strains with the antisera, and a one-way VN test was then used to compare
the relationship of 10 monovalent antisera to the other 19 field isolates. As a result, seven different serotypes were classified
based on the results of VN tests with the 26 isolates plus the three vaccine strains. We found that different serotypes were
prevalent during different time periods, that more new serotypes have been prevalent in more recent years, and the prevalence
of the original dominant serotype has been in constant decline since 2004. In addition, the concordance rate of the 26 field isolates
between the S1 genotypes and serotypes was 57.7%.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1206-6
Authors
Meng Li, Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi, ChinaXiu-Ying Wang, Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi, ChinaPing Wei, Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi, ChinaQiu-Ying Chen, Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi, ChinaZheng-Ji Wei, Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi, ChinaMei-Lan Mo, Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 Guangxi, China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Reassortant H1 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) carrying 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (pH1N1) genes have been isolated from pigs
worldwide. Seven novel reassortant H3N2 SIVs were identified from diseased pigs in the USA from winter 2010 to spring 2011.
These novel viruses contain three or five internal genes from pH1N1 and continue to circulate in swine herds. The emergence
of novel reassortant H3N2 SIVs demonstrates reassortment between pH1N1 and endemic SIVs in pigs and justifies continuous surveillance.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1203-9
Authors
Qinfang Liu, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAJingjiao Ma, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAHaixia Liu, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAWenbao Qi, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAJoe Anderson, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USASteven C. Henry, Abilene Animal Hospital PA, Abilene, KS 67410, USARichard A. Hesse, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAJürgen A. Richt, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAWenjun Ma, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, K233, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Enterovirus 99 is a recently described genotype of virus belonging to the species Human enterovirus C. So far, only a few sequences of this enterovirus type have been available. In 2010, during Spanish enterovirus surveillance,
an enterovirus 99 strain was found in an acute flaccid paralysis patient. The virus was detected and typed in the clinical
samples using molecular methods. Phylogenetic analysis in the 3Dpol region revealed recombination events with other species-C
enteroviruses. This is the first finding of this unusual type in Spain.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1207-5
Authors
Maria Cabrerizo, Enterovirus Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainNuria Rabella, Microbiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, SpainNuria Torner, Department of Health, Epidemiology Unit, Generalitat of Catalonia, D.G. Salut Publica, Barcelona, SpainTeresa Castellanos, National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainIsidoro Bustillo, Enterovirus Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainCarlos Varela, Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Deu Hospital, Barcelona, SpainJaume Colomer, Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Deu Hospital, Barcelona, SpainGloria Trallero, Enterovirus Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract There is paucity of data on the genetic landscape of HIV-1 viruses circulating in the Limpopo Province of northeastern South
Africa. Here, we examine the genetic diversity of viruses from Bela-Bela and Musina, two towns with high HIV prevalence. Between
June 2007 and March 2008, blood samples were collected from antiretroviral-drug-naïve individuals. Viruses were analyzed for
genetic subtypes and drug resistance mutations. All of the viruses in these samples were shown by phylogenetic analysis based
on gag p17, gag p24, reverse transcriptase, protease and envelope C2-C3 gene regions to belong to HIV-1 subtype C. Two of 44 reverse transcriptase
sequences (4.5%) contained N rather than the consensus K at position 103. The K103N mutation is normally associated with resistance
to NNRTIs. No major mutations were observed in the protease gene. However, several polymorphisms and amino acid changes normally
considered to be minor drug resistance mutations were observed in the protease sequences. These results suggest that HIV-1
subtype C remains the predominant variant responsible for the epidemic in northeastern South Africa and that the prevalence
of drug-resistant viruses among the naïve population is low.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-11DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1180-z
Authors
Benson Chuks Iweriebor, AIDS Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, PMB X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950 South AfricaLufuno Grace Mavhandu, AIDS Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, PMB X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950 South AfricaTracy Masebe, AIDS Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, PMB X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950 South AfricaDavid Rekosh, Department of Microbiology, Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USAMarie-Louise Hammarskjold, Department of Microbiology, Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USAJeffrey M. Mphahlele, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, University of Limpopo Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South AfricaPascal Obong Bessong, AIDS Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, PMB X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950 South Africa
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Human PSGL-1 is a receptor for EV71 that facilitates EV71 entry and replication in mouse cells. We have evaluated the role
of human PSGL-1 in EV71 infection in vivo using a transgenic mouse line. Expression of human PSGL-1 failed to enhance infectivity of clinical EV71 strains in mice;
however, it promoted replication and symptom severity at an earlier stage in mice upon infection with a mouse-adapted EV71
strain. We therefore conclude that human PSGL-1 alone is not sufficient to modulate infection with the clinical EV71 strains
of genotype C4 in mice.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1198-2
Authors
Jiangning Liu, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, ChinaWei Dong, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, ChinaXiongzhi Quan, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, ChinaChunmei Ma, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, CAMS and Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, PUMC, Chao Yang Strict, Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li No.5, Beijing, 100021 ChinaChuan Qin, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, ChinaLianfeng Zhang, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The tospoviruses groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) and zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV) cause severe losses in many crops,
especially in solanaceous and cucurbit species. In this study, the non-structural NSs gene and the 5'UTRs of these two biologically
distinct tospoviruses were cloned and sequenced. The NSs sequence of GRSV and ZLCV were both 1,404 nucleotides long. Pairwise
comparison showed that the NSs amino acid sequence of GRSV shared 69.6% identity with that of ZLCV and 75.9% identity with
that of TSWV, while the NSs sequence of ZLCV and TSWV shared 67.9% identity. Phylogenetic analysis based on NSs sequences
confirmed that these viruses cluster in the American clade.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1196-4
Authors
Mariana Hallwass, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, BrazilMikhail O. Leastro, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, BrazilMirtes F. Lima, Embrapa Hortaliças, Caixa Postal 218, Brasilia, DF 70359-970, BrazilAlice K. Inoue-Nagata, Embrapa Hortaliças, Caixa Postal 218, Brasilia, DF 70359-970, BrazilRenato O. Resende, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The complete genome sequence of a cucurbit-infecting fabavirus was determined. Sequence analysis revealed that it had a genomic
organization typical of fabaviruses, with genome segment sizes of 5870 nt (RNA-1) and 3294 nt (RNA-2). It shared CP and Pro-Pol
amino acid sequence identities of 52.058.9% with those of reported fabaviruses. ELISA and western blots gave no cross-reactions
between this cucurbit virus and broad bean wilt viruses 1 and 2. Based on molecular and serological criteria for species demarcation
in the genus Fabavirus, the virus represents a distinct species, for which the species name Cucurbit mild mosaic virus (CuMMV) is proposed.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1202-x
Authors
Shu-Wei Dong, State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. ChinaHai-Ying Xiang, State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. ChinaQiao-Xia Shang, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 P. R. ChinaDa-Wei Li, State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. ChinaJia-Lin Yu, State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. ChinaCheng-Gui Han, State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract In the 2000s, tobacco plantations on the Comoros Islands were afflicted with a previously unobserved tobacco leaf curl disease
characterised by symptoms of severe leaf curling and deformation. Previous molecular characterization of potential viral pathogens
revealed a complex of African monopartite tobacco leaf curl begomovirus (TbLCVs). Our molecular investigation allowed the
characterization of a new monopartite virus involved in the disease: tomato leaf curl Namakely virus (ToLCNamV). Agroinoculation
experiments indicated that TbLCVs and tomato leaf curl viruses (ToLCVs) can infect both tomato and tobacco but that infectivity
and symptom expression fluctuate depending on the virus and the plant cultivar combination.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1199-1
Authors
M. Thierry, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, FranceP. Lefeuvre, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, FranceM. Hoareau, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, FranceF. Péréfarres, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, FranceH. Delatte, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, FranceB. Reynaud, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, FranceD. P. Martin, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South AfricaJ.-M. Lett, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Avihepadnaviruses have been documented previously in ducks, herons, geese, storks and cranes. Here, we describe the full genome
of a new avihepadnavirus isolated from Psittacula krameri (ring-necked parrot) in Poland. The parrot hepatitis B virus (PHBV) genome (3042 bp) shares <76% sequence identity with other
avihepadnavirus isolates and is phylogenetically most closely related to heron and stork hepatitis B viruses isolates. PHBV
has a genome organization similar to that of other hepadnaviruses and contains ORFs for a preC/C, preS/S and polyprotein.
Additionally, we identified an X-like ORF in the genome of PHBV. The full-genome data will be useful in developing screening
tools for avihepadnaviruses in parrots.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1197-3
Authors
Tomasz Piasecki, Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wroclaw, PolandBrigitta Kurenbach, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New ZealandKlaudia Chrzastek, Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wroclaw, PolandKarolina Bednarek, Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wroclaw, PolandSimona Kraberger, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New ZealandDarren P. Martin, Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South AfricaArvind Varsani, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Chrysanthemums worldwide suffer from a high incidence of infection with chrysanthemum virus B (CVB), a member of the genus
Carlavirus, family Betaflexiviridae. Three major lineages or strains of this virus have been found in India, but none have been characterized beyond the genetic
variation they display in their coat protein genes. Here, we describe the analysis of four near-complete genome sequences
(from the three lineages) representing the genetic diversity of these strains. Ranging in size from 8815 to 8855 nucleotides
(excluding the polyA tail), these four isolates have a genome organization very similar to that of the recently reported Japanese
isolate of CVB, with which they share between 70 and 73% genome-wide sequence identity. We present further evidence that recombination
may feature quite prominently in the evolution of CVB.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1190-x
Authors
Lakhmir Singh, Plant Virus Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 HP, IndiaVipin Hallan, Plant Virus Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 HP, IndiaD. P. Martin, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South AfricaRaja Ram, Plant Virus Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 HP, IndiaA. A. Zaidi, Plant Virus Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 HP, India
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Sweepoviruses are important begomoviruses that infect Ipomoea plants worldwide and cause sweet potato yield losses and cultivar decline. Two sweepoviruses, sweet potato leaf curl virus-Jiangsu
(SPLCV-JS) and sweet potato leaf curl China virus-Zhejiang (SPLCCNV-ZJ), were cloned from diseased sweet potato plants collected
in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China. Sequence characterization and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that both
are typical monopartite begomoviruses and have close relationships to several reported SPLCV and SPLCCNV isolates, respectively,
from Asian countries. Analysis of the protein alignments and subcellular localizations of the six SPLCV-JS proteins was also
conducted to verify their putative functions. In Nicotiana benthamiana, an infectivity assay of the infectious SPLCV-JS clone resulted in mild symptoms and weak viral DNA accumulation. Interestingly,
SPLCV-JS, together with a heterologous betasatellite DNA (tomato yellow leaf curl China virus isolate Y10 [TYLCCNV-Y10] DNA-ß),
showed a synergistic effect on enhanced symptom severity and viral DNA accumulation. This is the first reported infectious
SPLCV clone.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-14DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1194-6
Authors
Huiping Bi, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 ChinaPeng Zhang, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Antiretroviral therapy is limited by the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance mutations. Although
resistance testing is recommended during therapy failure, little is known about the optimal time points for testing or its
impact on treatment. In this study, we investigated HIV polymorphisms and mutations and assessed their influence on the outcome
of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We focused on viral load and CD4+ cell counts as the most important parameters
for therapy response. Resistance mutations were present in 19% of all patients prior to antiretroviral treatment. Mutations
causing direct antiretroviral drug resistance were observed in 10%. Analyzing therapy response, we found a significant correlation
between resistance mutations and impaired CD4+ cell recovery six months after the initiation of antiretroviral treatment.
Lower CD4+ cell counts were also observed in a subgroup of patients infected with a virus presenting mutations that directly
lowered drug susceptibility.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1191-9
Authors
Kurt-Wolfram Sühs, Department of Neurology, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrbergerstrasse, Building 90, 66421 Homburg/Saar, GermanyM. Stoll, Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, GermanyR. Diem, Department of Neurology, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrbergerstrasse, Building 90, 66421 Homburg/Saar, GermanyR. E. Schmidt, Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, GermanyH. Heiken, Outpatient Clinic for Internal Medicine and Immunology, Georgstraße 46, 30159 Hannover, Germany
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract This study reports the detection of a novel picornavirus in domesticated common quail (Coturnix coturnix) in Hungary. The 8159-nucleotide (nt)-long RNA genome of this virus, named quail picornavirus (QPV1-HUN/2010; JN674502),
shows only 43%, 39% and 47% amino acid (aa) identity in the P1 (857 aa), P2 (458 aa) and P3 (777 aa) coding regions respectively,
to the closest reference, avian sapelovirus. The 5'UTR contains a variant type IV IRES with a 20-nt-long apical '8'-like structure
that is conserved in avian-origin and seal picornaviruses. The 390-aa-long L protein is cysteine rich and encodes two copies
of a 34-aa-long repeat motif. Quail picornavirus represents a novel picornavirus species and perhaps a novel genus.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1192-8
Authors
Péter Pankovics, Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, Pécs, 7623 HungaryÁkos Boros, Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, Pécs, 7623 HungaryGábor Reuter, Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, Pécs, 7623 Hungary
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Bovine torovirus (BToV) is recognized as an enteric pathogen of calves, but its etiological role in diarrhea and epidemiological
characterization in adult cows remain unclear. In 2007-2008, three outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea occurred in adult cows at
three dairy farms in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. BToV was the only enteric pathogen detected in these outbreaks, as determined
by electron microscopy, reverse transcription-PCR, bacteria and parasite tests of fecal samples, and antibody tests with paired
sera. The epidemiological features of the three outbreaks were similar to those of bovine coronavirus infection, except for
the absence of bloody diarrhea, with diarrhea spreading among most adult cows, but not in calves, within several days and
diarrhea lasting for 3-5 days with anorexia. Decreased milk production and mild respiratory symptoms were also observed in
two of the outbreaks. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the BToV nucleocapsid, spike, and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes
revealed a close relatedness among the detected BToV strains from each outbreak and those of Japanese BToV strain Aichi/2004.
Furthermore, we isolated a BToV strain, designated Niigata (TC), from a fecal sample using a human rectal tumor cell line.
Sequence analysis of this isolate and Aichi/2004 indicated that both strains have truncated HE genes with deletions in the
3' region that occurred through cell culture-adaptation. The short projections that are believed to be formed by the HE protein
on virus particles were not observed in these cultured strains by electron microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest
that BToV causes epidemic diarrhea in adult cows and should be included in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in adult
cows. In addition, our findings indicate that the HE protein of BToV may not be necessary for viral replication.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1183-9
Authors
Tsunehiko Aita, Niigata Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hataya 686, Nishikan, Niigata, Niigata 9590423, JapanMasaki Kuwabara, Aichi Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Zizouno 1-306, Miai, Okazaki, Aichi 4440805, JapanKazunori Murayama, Niigata Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hataya 686, Nishikan, Niigata, Niigata 9590423, JapanYuri Sasagawa, Niigata Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hataya 686, Nishikan, Niigata, Niigata 9590423, JapanShizuka Yabe, Niigata Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hataya 686, Nishikan, Niigata, Niigata 9590423, JapanRyohei Higuchi, Niigata Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hataya 686, Nishikan, Niigata, Niigata 9590423, JapanTsutomu Tamura, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Sowa 314-1, Nishi, Niigata, Niigata 9502144, JapanAyako Miyazaki, Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, JapanHiroshi Tsunemitsu, Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract The seroprevalence of porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and sapovirus (SaV) infections in pigs was investigated in Hunan province,
China, between May 2005 and October 2010. A total of 500 pig serum samples collected from 10 representative administrative
regions in Hunan province were evaluated for antibodies against PCMV and SaV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The overall seroprevalence of porcine cytomegalovirus and sapovirus in pigs was 96.40% (482/500) and 63.40% (317/500), and
the seropositivity of 10 herds we surveyed varied, ranging from 94.74% to 98.48% and 56.36% to 72.50%, respectively. The highest
prevalence was found in breeding sows (96.67% for PCMV and 83.33% for SaVs). The results of the present survey indicated that
infections with porcine cytomegalovirus and sapovirus are highly prevalent in pigs in Hunan province, China.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1189-3
Authors
Guo-Hua Liu, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaRun-Cheng Li, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaJing Li, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaZe-Bin Huang, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaChao-Ting Xiao, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaWei Luo, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaMeng Ge, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaDa-Liang Jiang, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of ChinaXing-Long Yu, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. BVDV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is a 56-58-kDa phosphorylated zinc metalloprotein and an essential component of the
BVDV replicase complex. An earlier report suggested that NS5A is phosphorylated by a serine/threonine protein kinase in BVDV-infected
cells; however, the identity of the protein kinase remained unknown. To determine which protein kinase phosphorylates NS5A,
we generated a fusion protein consisting of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and NS5A, designated as GST-NS5A. Using this GST-NS5A
fusion protein as a substrate, a proline-directed cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) cdc2/cyclin B1 complex was identified that
phosphorylates recombinant GST-NS5A in vitro. Using the KinasePhos computer program, a putative cdc2 site was found in the NS5A protein at Thr292, which was mutated to
alanine to block the phosphorylation, and the mutant was designated as GST-NS5AmutT292A. Assessment of this mutant recombinant
GST-NS5A in the kinase assay suggested that Thr292 in recombinant GST-NS5A was the target site of cdc2 protein kinase. In
addition, sequence homology analysis showed that the cdc2 recognition motif is a highly conserved feature among different
strains of BVDV from the genotypes 1 and 2. Subsequent experiments in BVDV-infected or ectopically expressing NS5A or NS5AmutT292A
cells revealed that a cellular cdc2 binds with NS5A but not with NS5AmutT292A, thus indicating a physical association between
cdc2 and NS5A. In conclusion, the finding that cdc2 binds and phosphorylates BVDV NS5A will be helpful for future studies
related to the role of cdc2 protein kinase in BVDV replication and persistence.
Content Type: Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00705-011-1188-4
Authors
Muhammad Atif Zahoor, Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 JapanSaima Naim, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000 PakistanGuangai Xue, Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 JapanMariluz Arainga Ramirez, Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
Archives of VirologyOnline ISSN: 1432-8798Print ISSN: 0304-8608
